Macbeths Tragic Downfall Portrayed in Shakespeares...

Shakespeare’s Macbeth is full of supernatural forces and events. These supernatural forces were a very big role in the creation of a suspenseful atmosphere as well as in the development of the character Macbeth. Additionally, they justified his changing personality, beliefs, and morals. The inclusion of prophetical witches, ghosts, apparitions and visions eventually led to Macbeth’s tragic downfall. The very first scene of the play introduces supernatural forces in the form of three witches, also known as The Weà ¯rd Sisters. These three witches met Macbeth and Banquo near Forres, where they then proceeded to tell them, mainly Macbeth, a prophesied fate; All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee,†¦show more content†¦By simply planting the idea into his head, the witches gained the ability to motivate Macbeth to do whatever was necessary to fulfill that fate. The bloody dagger was the next supernatural thing that pushed Macbeth towards his deadly fate. In this rather short scene, Macbeth saw a dagger â€Å"[a]nd on thy blade and dudgeon, gouts of blood† (2.1.58) which led him to King Duncan, where he would, on his wife’s ring of the bell, kill him. Although some may argue that Macbeth was going to do this anyways, the bloody dagger was still a pivotal moment for the final decision he would make â€Å"[t]hat summons thee to heaven or to hell† (2.1.78). Without this vision, Macbeth may have faltered and missed his opportunity. This also removed the chance of second-guessing himself. This was the event that led Macbeth into killing King Duncan, and as a result, beginning his tragic downfall. Now that Macbeth had killed the king, he started to become very guilty and continued to wonder whether he actually could become king. The realization that he will never again be innocent and that he will not be able to brag of his previous accomplishments haunted him. If only he was satisfied with the honour he already earned and if his greed and hunger for power had not overwhelmed him, he would have been a much happier and well-off man. However, hindsight is twenty-twenty, and he knew it would just be pointless to turn back now. Nevertheless, heShow MoreRelatedDefining a Hero in Shakespeares Macbeth1308 Words   |  5 Pagesone typically defines a tragic hero, he or she may claim that it is a hero of high class that possesses unprecedented courage and exceedingly strength; thus, a hero who also suffers a calamity of their own downfall and ultimate death through their tragic flaw. Their downfall not only causes infliction on oneself, but also inflicts the society. This can be seen and heavily stressed through William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth. In his play, the reader comes across Macbeth, a noble and honorable heroRead More Macbeth is Not Well-intentioned Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is Not Well-intentioned Macbeth is a well-intentioned character whose downfall is caused solely by the evil advice and influence of other characters. To what extent do you consider this statement to be true? In William Shakespeares, Macbeth, Macbeth is a character whose downfall is caused by a number of factors. Despite Macbeth being portrayed as a brave, masculine soldier, he is easily persuaded by his wife, Lady Macbeth and the witches who deliver prophecies to Macbeth.Read MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero893 Words   |  4 PagesAndreacchi February 13th 2017 ENG2D1-02 Macbeth as a Tragic Hero A tragic hero can be described as a character obtaining heroic qualities that is, at the same time, destined for their own downfall. Unfortunately, Macbeth is an example of a character that has this title. In Shakespeare’s time during the writing of the play was the reign of King James of England, and the play ‘Macbeth’ reflects on Shakespeare’s own relationship with this king. Someone of great honour, respectRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesWithin Shakespeare’s Macbeth, themes of inner disorder are woven frequently throughout the play. The audience is shown how powerful exterior influences can contribute heavily to said turmoil. During the plot of the play, Macbeth suffers a tragic deterioration of his sanity and life entirely. This downfall is credited to many factors, such as the guilt Macbeth suffers following his murders. However, Macbeth’s miseries are shown to be a result of his wife’s constant persistence. Within the chosen passageRead MoreThe Tragic Downfall of Lady Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragic Downfall of Lady Macbeth William Shakespeare’s play entitled Macbeth is a bloody tragedy about ambition, evil, guilt and moral corruption. The story emphasizes a lot on the consequences or aftermath of the bad deeds that Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth do and the growing impact it has on them in turn. Lady Macbeth a woman driven by her assertiveness, boldness, strength and ambition for her husband could not escape the guilt that eventually caught up to her and destroyed her.Read MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1682 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we are first introduced to Macbeth in William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth he is illustrated as a loyal warrior hero to Scotland. Macbeth’s recognition on the battlefield helps gain him great honor from King Duncan who later announces him as Thane of Cawdor. However, throughout the play the audience is able to discover his human flaws. Ironically, his first characteristic of being a mighty powerful man actually changes to be a weak man who gets s tepped all over on. Through his soliloquies forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth As A Butcher828 Words   |  4 PagesAt the end of the play, Malcolm describes Macbeth as a â€Å"butcher†. Do you think that Macbeth is merely portrayed as a â€Å"butcher†? Malcolm’s description of Macbeth as a â€Å"butcher† is appropriate at face value due to Shakespeare’s portrayal of excessive violence, it seems as though Macbeth possesses this â€Å"vaulting ambition† which allows him to endure the tendencies of a â€Å"butcher†. The connotations of a â€Å"butcher† implies a de-sensitised individual capable of slaughtering animals or in this case humansRead MoreMacbeth Critique1404 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter in William Shakespeares Macbeth. So foul and fair a day I have not seen. This is a famous quote by Macbeth, the antagonist in William Shakespeares classic work, The Tragedy of Macbeth. This one line takes place when Macbeth and Banquo are returning from their victory in battle over the Norwegians. Following this quote further it could be looked at in a broader spectrum of Macbeths triumphs and failures. He goes from a warrior hero to a murderer, and lastly, his tragic flaw brings him toRead MoreMa cbeth Historical Context796 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Macbeth the male characters Macbeth, Macduff, Banquo and Duncan really give you and insight in to the time the play was written. Shakespeare’s Macbeth was written in the Elizabethan era during King James’ reign as King over 400 years ago. King Duncan is introduced to the play in act 1 scene 2. King Duncan is seen as a great, noble, highly thought of King. He is in The Monarch which is the highest in the social order. â€Å"Go pronounce his present death, And with his formerRead MoreMacbeth As A Tyrant Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Downfall of a Tyrant Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in 1606, during the reign of James I, who was James IV of Scotland before he became the King of England. James I, was a sponsor of Shakespeare’s theatre, so it is clear that Shakespeare’s work was affected by James I’s sensitivities. Murder and intrigue was a part of the Scottish Reign when James was growing, and in fact, James’s father was murdered when he was just a baby. Macbeth tells the story of a Scottish general who, through prophecies received

Positive Impact Of Christopher Columbus Discoveries

Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’ Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuries and change the world forever. His discoveries unearthed new perspectives and created a mix of diverse biology between Europe and the New World. These exchanges changed the world we live in today and will continue to fuel centuries of exploration and discoveries. The Columbian Exchange was the beginning of the expansion of trade between the New World and Europe. The Columbian Exchange started the flow of goods between continents that had not shared the same borders since Pangaea. McNeill stated â€Å"Columbus’ voyage, along with the many voyages that followed, disrupted much of the biological segregation brought about by continental drift. (McNeil, 1).† Journalist Charles Mann states in his research for his book, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, on the Columbian Exchange that â€Å"No other person, changed the face of the Earth as radically as Columbus did. Columbus crossing of the Atlantic, Mann says, marked the start of a new age, not only for the Americas but alsoShow MoreRelatedPositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 Pages Positive Impact of Christopher Columbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuriesRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World903 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the discovery of the New World in 1492 many issues and uproars took place. Particularly, Christopher Columbus viewed America as an opportunity for mankind to begin again. While Bartolomeo de las Cases considered the New World a place of abuse for the Native Americans and took the initiative to save the Native people. In general, the Europeans felt that the America had benefits and major setbacks of coming to the new lands. The following documents â€Å"The Meani ng of America†, â€Å"Utilizing the NativeRead More a peoples history Essay example844 Words   |  4 PagesHoward Zinn takes a realistic viewpoint that is not seen in many textbooks, and that is exactly the point. Zinn writes about the dark sides of United States icons, which students are rarely taught about. Through historical examples, such as Christopher Columbus’ treatment of Native American Arawak Indians, Zinn supports his thesis. In Zinn’s book, he displays his displeasure with the way Americans are taught glorified history, as does another author, James Axtell, in his article, â€Å"Colonial AmericaRead MoreThe Impact Of Maritime Technology On The Age Of Exploration1264 Words   |  6 Pagesof Exploration The innovation of maritime technology has revolutionized travel throughout history. Prior to ships and sea travel, humans were separated by vast oceans and confined to their homeland for life. Because of these large boundaries, discoveries and inventions were only shared within land masses and trade as a whole was very limited. This uncharted, inaccessible territory caused a major separation of mankind. However, these oceans sparked curiosity and desire for explorers to venture beyondRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Americas By Christopher Columbus962 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of the Americas by the European explorer Christopher Columbus was a pivotal event during the 1450s that posed challenges to the way Europeans viewed the world. Columbus was born in Genoa Italy, and is hailed as one the greatest navigators during his time, inspiring an official American Holiday. However, Columbus’s voyage isn’t all that great of a thing, especially to the native peoples a nd environment of the Americas. Columbus’s deeds are soured by false motives, violence against theRead MorePositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange837 Words   |  4 Pageseffects were a positive or negative impact on us. The exchange brought diseases and slavery, but it also brought new technologies and culture. Throughout history there have been conquerors and conquered, the Americas are no different. 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When a question could not be answered by time and observation, people fell back on spiritual explanationsRead MoreEssay on Christopher Columbus1614 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Columbus Although nearly every phase of any exploration had its good and bad outcomes the benefits of Columbus discovery of the New World far outweigh the negative results of that enterprise; because his discovery stimulated further development of both Europe and the New World. His voyage was an epochal and magnificent discovery in that it confirmed the roundness of the earth and gave new validity to science, expanded trade and opened new markets and led to the industrializationRead MoreEffects Of European Exploration On The World1252 Words   |  6 Pagesalong with the positive influences, came the negative aspects, which impacted cultures and civilizations around the world. European exploration changed travel, trade, health, religion, language, architecture, the economy, and humanity. It is this author’s position that the positive influences and contributions have had a greater impact on growth and development globally than the challenges presented. Historically, the Age of Expl oration shaped the world as we know it today. Many positive effects forRead MoreThe Importance Of Christopher Columbus2256 Words   |  10 Pagescultures. Another way explorers can impact the world is by sharing their experiences and stories through songs, poetry, journals, and books. Past explorations and discoveries have made us who we are today. They have changed our world for the better and for the worse, and will always influence how we explore in the future. Without the contributions of past explorers, our world would not be where we are today. One legendary explorer documented in history is Christopher Columbus. He is one of the most well-known

Course notes Operations management Free Essays

A lot of things we do, activities such as analyzing, does not add value. Inventory Is a big non-value added activity, If you have two Items (toasters) where one has been there for long and the other Is fairly new. As a customer you want the new one. We will write a custom essay sample on Course notes Operations management or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a manager for the store, the old one costs more because you have to store it. Exercise: What is the input, what is the transformation and finally the output? Accountants: the transformation Is they are doing audits, financial statements etc. The Input Is raw data and the output is audited financial statements. Telecommunication companies: the transformation Is transmission of data, the Input is data and the output is data as well. System example: Restaurant Objectives: make money essentially, fast food or exclusive? Elements: tables, servers, waiters, wine experts, chefs etc. Input: customers Transformation: you feed the customers In an environment they find agreeable. Output: satisfied customers Feedback: Are we making money? They also use Customer satisfaction services. Restaurant Political, Legal: permits, alcohol permits, hourly wages, is tips Included? Economical: Price of food, price of dollar. Social: what type of food people eat. Technological: systems to communicate with the kitchen, ordering or reservations through internet. Ecological: recycling. Example: Strategic, tactical and operational decisions. Strategic: what type of cuisine? The limit, how many tables for which demand? Tactical decision: what type of employees should I recruit? Operational decisions: How to cite Course notes Operations management, Essays

Background to Poem Essay Example For Students

Background to Poem Essay Mending Wall is part of Robert Frosts second anthology of poems entitled North of Boston published in 1914 Having been a farmer, Frost is heavily influenced by nature, resulting in the natural settings and imagery used in many of his poems like the Wood Pile, After Apple Picking and Mending Wall On the surface, Mending Wall appears to be a poem where the speaker contemplates why he and his neighbour have to rebuild the wall demarcating their respective farmlands each spring. However, on a deeper level, the poem is less about the physical separation of the wall and more about the divergences in the modes of thought of two individuals and how the speaker tries to reconcile the mental differences that exist between him and his neighbour Structure of Commentary Given the use of enjambment and blank verse in Mending Wall, I shall adopt a linear analysis of the poem in order to trace the evolving mindset of the speaker as the poem progresses. However, I shall be focusing on three main points in this analysis: The portrayal of the speaker and his neighbour in the poem (1) The creation and use of irony (2) The changing meaning of the wall (3) General Observations The poem can be seen to be divided into two portions, each ending with the neighbours unchanging apothegm: Good fences make good neighbours. Each portion contains its own unique significance to the subject matter of the poem. From lines 1 to 26, the speaker presents his argument against the absurdity of building the wall, to which his neighbour rebuts his stoic addage. From lines 28 to 42, the speaker develops a contentiousness against his neighbour, elucidating the personal differences that exist between them, ironically revealing the need for both characters to reconcile and mend fences, or in this case, the wall. As the poem progresses, there is increasing tension between the speaker and his neighbour as the speaker becomes increasingly aware of the differences in mindset between them. It is the speakers very own contention against the unpragmatic existence of the wall that places him in opposition to his conservative neighbour, ironically confining the speaker himself inside of his own beliefs, rendering him just as inflexible and unchanging as his old stone savage neighbour. By the end of the poem, the wall has become a symbol for the barrier between human contact and understanding. It is erected by all that is primitive, fearful, irrational and hostile (i.e. The neighbour) and is opposed by a higher, more progressive something (i.e. The speaker, and arguably Frost himself) who have become allegorical figures representing opposing views of freedom and confinement, reason and rigidity, tolerance and violence, civilisation and savagery. Lines 0-4 The title of the poem is significant as it creates an arresting image in the mind of the reader of two men mending the wall. Immediately this contextualises the literal subject matter of the poem, aiding understanding on the readers part as the poem develops In the first four lines of the poem, Frost reveals the speaker to be of a causal, light-hearted sort. Although there is a sense of whimsy and mystery about that something that doesnt love a wall, the speaker introduces no complex subjects for the reader to consider. However, through his language and the rhythm of the lines, readers sense the underlying conflict in this poem From these few lines, readers also gain an idea of the speakers character. His discursive indirection, portrayed through the combination of the indefinite pronoun Something and the loose expletive construction there is, the speaker evokes a sense of ruminative vagueness and ambiguity even before the curious subject of walls is introduced. The use of informal, convoluted language provides a linguistic texture for the dramatic conflict, between the mindsets of the speaker and his neighbour, that develops later in the poem. The employment of anastrophe (inversion of grammatical syntax) serves to introduce the speaker as an unorthodox character with an unorthodox mindset (1) The speakers lively imagination is revealed (1) through his diction in describing the destruction of the wall. Something That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it And spills the upper boulder in the sun, And make gaps even two can pass abreast The speaker anthropomorphizes this mysterious, seemingly intelligent force that wrecks the wall from year to year. The three active verbs used in lines 2 to 4 (sendsspillsmake), create a sense of dynamism in the destruction of the wall, calling into question the need for the wall at all if nature herself opposes its existence. Frosts diction in line 2, frozen-ground-swell, seems to imply that winters frost is what undermines the stability of the wall. The concealed pun indicates that Frost himself is against the existence of walls. Lines 5-11 The work of hunters is another thing: The speaker digresses from his preoccupation with the mysterious force that doesnt love a wall into a discussion about hunters who actively tear down the wall in search of rabbits and the rebuilding that follows after, I have come after them and made repair where they have left not one stone on a stone. Again the speakers whimsy and casualness is shown (1) in yet another inversion of syntax (have left not, instead of have not left). The indulgently convoluted style of the speaker evinces his unorthodox character and unrestrained imagination. The speakers mention that the hunters would have the rabbit out of hiding, contains connotations of the exposure of vulnerabilities. The rabbit appears so defenseless against marauding hunters and dog, causing the reader to reconsider the necessity of the wall as it protects our vulnerable aspects from external forces. At this point, the speaker seems to be challenging the implications in his earlier statement, Something there is that doesnt love a wall, and his opposition towards the existence of the wall, showing presence of progressive thought in the speakers mind. 'Porphyria's Lover' and 'My Last Duchess' Essay Ironically, by attacking his neighbours lack of open-mindedness and social interaction, the speaker shows himself to be anti-social, pessimistic and morally-presumptuous. (2)Assuming the worse of his neighbour despite the latters express desire in being good neighbours. The initial irony in the speakers initiation of the spring mending-time, that showed him to be truly progressive and open-minded, unrestricted by his personal convictions, is negated and replaced with a different irony: by criticising his neighbour for taking part in an activity which he initiated, the speaker shows himself to be unfair and even hypocritical. (1) The irony also serves to heighten the undefined tension that exists between the speaker and his neighbour, reaching its climax when the neighbour utters, Good fences make good neighbours, a forceful line to which the speaker has no rebuttal. Frost presents the differences that exists between the two men even through the way they speak. The speaker, is wont to speak in an indulgently convoluted manner, fraught with syntax inversions, digressions and changes in rhythm while his neighbour is seen to be direct, simple and consistent in his speech (1), standing in salient opposition to the speakers rambling argument. Moreover, it is interesting to analyse how the respective aphorisms of the speaker and his neighbour differ. The speakers adage: Something there is that doesnt love a wall, sharply contrasts with the neighbours: Good fences make good neighbours. The speakers use of the word wall evokes a sense of fortification and fear while the neighbours use of the word fence connotes a less threatening image of the division that lies between the two men. The diction employed by the neighbour shows that he sees no sinister implications in the construction of the wall, and therefore does not question its necessity or desirability. The speaker on the other hand, through his criticisms of the wall and his neighbour, exposes his misjudgment as he reads too deeply into the implications of the wall, and only in his imagination does it start to take offense. In this first section of the poem, Frost presents to the reader the quizzical nature of the wall: Is it necessary/unnecessary? Is it desirable/undesirable? Is it threatening/non-descript? However, he does answer any of these questions, nor does he moralise the wall or the characters. He simply demonstrates a case in point, when a person reads too deeply into something, he ends up creating divisions between himself and others, possibly the reason for Frost depicting the speaker as the initiator of the wall, just as he is the initiator of the tension and division between the two men. Lines 28-35 The poem comes full circle when the speaker mentions, Spring is the mischief in me, referencing that mischevious force in the first line that doesnt love a wall. Again, he preoccupies himself with a thought that is to consume him. This time, he ponders over how he can challenge his neighbours point that Good fences make good neighbours. His need to attack his neighbours beliefs creates a barrier between the two, preventing either of them from understanding each other, giving new meaning to the idea of a wall (3). The speaker wonders, If I could put a notion in his head, and attempts to use reason to get his neighbour to question his own beliefsWhy do they make good neighbours? Isnt it where there are cows? But there are no cowsbut is ultimately incapable of challenging his neighbours adage. The theme of parallelism is shown here again, What I was walling in or walling out, indicating again that the speaker and his neighbour are on parallel paths, never to meet each other in consensus. This brings to mind the speakers earlier words, We keep the wall between us as we go (ll. 15) The wall continues to take on its metaphorical meaning of a barrier between two individuals as tension builds up between the two characters in the poem. The speaker becomes more contentious towards his neighbour saying, I could say Elves to him, but its not elves exactly, and Id rather he said it for himself. The speaker implies that his neighbour is stupid, thinking that he would be foolish enough to think that Elves were responsible for the walls destruction. While some readings interpret this as an example of the neighbours backwardness and old-stone savage as he is unable to appreciate the whimsy and light-heartedness of the notion, but it could simply be that the neighbour isnt curious about the reason behind the walls disrepair, and the speaker is simply addressing an uninterested audience. (check validity) Lines 37-43 In the concluding lines of the poem, the speaker finally decides to drop the issue about Something there is that doesnt love a wall, and focuses instead on his neighbour, presenting a vivid and imaginative caricature of him as a old-stone savage that moves in darkness. In doing so, the speaker frees himself from being confined to his pessimistic criticism and returns to his original role as a mere observer, leaving the poem inconclusive and the questions raised in the poem unanswered. The repetition of Good fences made good neighbours shows the perpetuity of the differences between the speaker and his neighbour, who, at this point, have become allegorical representations of diametrically opposed views and ideas, destined to be parallel with each other, never to coincide.

Advice for Women Who Want to Become Truckers

Advice for Women Who Want to Become Truckers Everyone may tell you it’s a â€Å"man’s job,† but that’s just not true. It doesn’t have to be, anyway. And there’s such a huge demand for truck drivers now; you should absolutely take advantage of these opportunities if you’re interested and suited to them. Here are three major tips for women want to become truckers and are  trying to enter the industry.Believe in yourselfThe so-called â€Å"Confidence Gap† between men and women is well-acknowledged at this point. So many men go through the world and the workforce with this added sense of deserving what they get, particularly when they have a bit of experience or skill. Channel that. You’re probably just as qualified- if not more so- so go into the application process with that confidence. The industry will welcome you.Ask for helpYou won’t be the only woman in the trucking industry. Many brave and competent women have paved the way for you. Check in with Women in Trucking (WIT). Their website has a ton of information and resources you can rely on in your quest. You’re not alone. You have powerful allies out there just waiting to help you achieve your goals.Go where you’re most wantedYou’re going to need training. Choose a training school that has a mix of both men and women on their staff. Roadmasters Driving School is a good place to start; they’ve got several female directors running schools for them, and would be a great environment for you to study to pass your CDL (Class A Commercial Driver’s License) exam. If you chose a place that respects you, you’ll be able to take advantage of all the help that institution has to offer to help get you on your way.

Solution Definition in Chemistry

Solution Definition in Chemistry A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution may exist in any phase. A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent is called its solubility. For example, in a saline solution, salt is the solute dissolved in water as the solvent. For solutions with components in the same phase, the substances present in lower concentration are solutes, while the substance present in highest abundance is the solvent. Using air as an example, oxygen and carbon dioxide gases are solutes, while nitrogen gas is the solvent. Characteristics of a Solution A chemical solution exhibits several properties: A solution consists of a homogeneous mixture.A solution is composed of one phase (e.g., solid, liquid, gas).Particles in a solution are not visible to the naked eye.A solution does not scatter a light beam.Components of a solution cannot be separated using simple mechanical filtration. Solution Examples Any two substances which can be evenly mixed may form a solution. Even though materials of different phases may combine to form a solution, the end result always exists of a single phase. An example of a solid solution is brass. An example of a liquid solution is aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl in water). An example of a gaseous solution is air. Solution Type Example gas-gas air gas-liquid carbon dioxide in soda gas-solid hydrogen gas in palladium metal liquid-liquid gasoline solid-liquid sugar in water liquid-solid mercury dental amalgam solid-solid sterling silver

Do the research of Marketing(1000 words) and Financing(1250 words) Essay

Do the research of Marketing(1000 words) and Financing(1250 words) strategies - Essay Example The paper shall discuss important financial decisions that could help positively influence the company’s decisions. It is inevitable in the company. The company has branches in Asia, Europe and the USA. The Companies trade with each other, and they establish a price for transaction. According to financial experts, it is a method that tries to minimize the overall tax bill and increase the general profits. To remain competitive and compliant, the company must manage effectively the issue of transfer pricing. The finance section’s tax department has a comprehensive solution that helps in management of every step of transfer pricing step. The company should improve its software provisions because transfer pricing depends heavily on data. Good software will assist the parent company in the US to manage both the external and internal sources. It is a model that demands the company to finance its own operation using internally generated funds. Managers prefer this model because it reduces the risk of under investment, which could result to long-term debt problem. There are scenarios where the company does not have sufficient funds to run its internal operations. Such case will see the company issue debts to finance the operations. Using pecking order theory, the company will avoid financing its internal operations using the external equity capital, which could cause long-term debt. The company grants shares to the members of the public. In the US where the parent company operates, the government introduced Financial Accounting Standards Board. The board demands corporations to operate in restricted stock. It means the company has to value shares theoretically when granted. Literature reviews that concern finance indicates how there is no clear definition of increase in earnings and stock prices after aligning the interests of the employee and the employer in connection with share’s long-term effectiveness (Hinde &

Gulf War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gulf War - Essay Example The US military had done away with the war draft and so it is mainly a volunteer army. As such, it relies usually on people who freely and voluntarily join the military service and the people who enter the military are mostly poor people (the traditional party base of the Democratic Party). The sons and daughters of rich people do not join the military service. It is only the poor kids who join as a way out of poverty, get a sure job and obtain education. In other words, it is the lower social and economic classes which had borne the greatest burden of prosecuting the wars in Iraq in disproportionate numbers compared to the rich classes. However, the main reason why labor unions today are opposed to the Iraq war was it was a war that was not properly explained to them. The original objectives of going into Iraq were hazy at best which was to remove Iraq from Kuwait which is a recognized member of the United Nations as a sovereign nation. But more than that, the ordinary Americans are now more wary of getting involved in other people’s domestic affairs when the American citizens themselves are in deep trouble regarding their own issues about the economy, health care, education and many other concerns such as high crime rates. Americans today do not want to get involved because they had a bad experience with the Vietnam War (Brier 1).

Read the sources and summarize them Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Read the sources and summarize them - Essay Example They contributed much towards ending hereditary monarchy and presented the separation of the state and church to end theocracy which were both outstanding achievements during their time (Korten, 2014). The author explains how the original constitution protected the elite bodies of a plutocracy, which is a structure of affluence that precisely endorsed captivity and gave no rights to women, people of color, or Native Americans. He expounds on his theory on plutocracy by showing how the United States is as an empire ruled as a plutocracy not willing to recognize demands by average people of their rights to life freedom and they search for their happiness in a violent manner (Korten, 2014). The article the US constitution authors had acted without considering the right of every individual to life, freedom, and justice for all by giving us governing institutions that represent uppermost face of these democratic principles. The author explains the relationship of the current economy in plutocracy and how the current day economy has influenced the rule experienced by the United States. Plutocracy has been able to combine with the word economy to result to "plutonomy" that shows that income progression is confined to those at the peak of the affluence pyramid. It shows how marketing consultants and investment advisors describe our current economy. The article is by the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. The article is used to show how the US military used some bullets made with depleted uranium (DU) when attacking their enemies who used armored vehicles and its amplified usage in the 1990-1991 Gulf war. It further expresses the health dangers it posed on those who were exposed to its chemical toxicity, which equal the chemical toxicity of natural uranium but with a radioactivity of 40 percent or less. It explains ways in which DU can be hazardous to those who had been in a war zone during the period which include penetration of DU

Causes of Luminescence and Chemiluminescence

Causes of Luminescence and Chemiluminescence 1.1. Luminescence Phenomena Luminescence is the phenomenon of emission of electromagnetic radiation in excess of thermal radiation. The radiation is usually in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, however, since the same basic processes may yield infrared or ultra violet radiation. Luminescence is observed with all phases of matter: gases, liquids and solids both organic and inorganic[1]. Luminescence is an umbrella term for those kinds of events where light emission is not the result of high temperature. In fact with increasing temperature the competing nonradiative de – excitation processes become more probable and the intensity of the luminescent emission decreases. Luminescence in living organisms has been reported as far back as 1500 BC. In Chinese literature, the best known examples being the emission of light from fireflies and glow – worms[2, 3]. 1.1.1Types of Luminescence Classification according to the means by which energy is supplied to excite the luminescent molecule[4-8].Table 1.1 Table (1-1):- Different types of luminescence phenomena Excitation source Luminescence type Produced from irradiation Absorption of Uv-vis or near IR radiation. (Conversion of light energy to chemical energy). Photoluminescence Emission produced from irradiation of ÃŽ ² particles. Cathodoluminescence Emission produced from irradiation of ÃŽ ± particle. Anodoluminescence Radiation-induced chemical excitation (irradiation of ÃŽ ³ particles. Radiodoluminescence Produced from heating. Emission from incandescent solids Candoluminescence Caused by solid subjected to mild heating. Thermoluminescence Flame-excited metal atoms Pyroluminescence Produced from structural rearrangements in solids Emission from shaking, rubbing, or crushing crystals. Triboluminescence Emission from crystallization. Crystalloluminescence Excitation induced from dissolution of an irradiated or other energy-donating solid. Lyoluminescence Produced from electrical phenomena. Radiative recombination of electrons and holes in material (emission from electrical discharge) Electroluminescence Emission during electrolysis Galvanoluminescence Excitation of compounds by ultra-sonication. Sonoluminescence Emission from fractional charge separation at the crystal surface. Piezoluminescence Produced from chemical reactions Emission from luminous organisms. Bioluminescence Chemical excitation of compounds. Chemiluminescence 1.2. Chemiluminescence The term chemiluminescence (CL.) was first coined by Eilhardt Weidman in 1888. Chemiluminescence is defined as the production of electromagnetic radiation observed when a chemical reaction yields an electronically excited intermediate or product. CL-reactions emit light of varying degrees of intensity and lifetime. With colors that spare the visible spectrum [9-11]. Analytically, the CL-reactions are attractive due to: excellent detection limits results from the absence of source of noise and scattering, suitable to both batch and flow techniques highly sensitive, determinable over a wide range of concentrations, easy to operate, simplicity, absence of unwanted background so the only background signal is that of the PMT dark current and no excitation source or optical filters are required as compared to other optical or photo luminescence methods [12, 13]. However, some disadvantages are to be considered as well; A chemiluminescence reagent may yield significant emission not just for one unique analyte i.e. a lack of selectivity may occur. Moreover, chemiluminescence emission intensities are sensitive to a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, solvent, ionic strength, pH and other species present in the system. As a result, a separation condition (HPLC, capillary electrophoresis (CE), may not always match the optimum CL-emission conditions. Third, as the emission intensity from a CL-reaction varies with time,light flash composed of signal increase after reagent mixing, passing through a maximum, then decreasing back to the base – line, thus the CL- emission versus time profile differs from one compound to another and care has to be taken to detect the signal in the flowing stream during strictly defined periods [14].chemiluminescence technique is versatile for determination of a wide variety of species that can participate in the CL-reaction such as; CL-substrates or CL-precursors responsible for the excited state [15], the necessary reagent for the CL-reactions (usually an oxidant) [16] , some species that enhance the rate or sensitivity of the CL-reaction[17] ,activators such as catalysts (enzymes[18] or metal ions[19] CL. analysis found a wide application not only in the organic technology, medicine, food testing, but also in environmental monitoring and material science [20-24]. CL-reactions can be coupled as a detection technique [25] in chromatography [26, 27], capillary electrophoresis [28-30], or immunoassay, providing qualitative and / or quantitative information [31, 32]. 1.2.1. Mechanisms of Chemiluminescence Reaction Figure (1-2) shows the types of the CL-reaction mechanisms. In general CL-reactions can be generated by two basis mechanisms: Figure (1-2):- Types of CL-reactions. P, product; F, fluorescing substance Direct CL-reactions: a substrate (A) and an oxidant (B) in the presence of cofactors react to form an intermediate product in an electronically excited state which relaxes to the ground state with a photon emission. The catalyst is an enzyme or metal ions, reduces the activation energy and provides an adequate environment for producing high CL-efficiency out of the process.Cofactors sometimes are necessary to convert one or more of the substrates into a form capable of reacting and interacting with the catalyst,or to provide an efficient leaving group if bond cleavage is required to produce the excited emitter [33]. An alternative for compounds producing ultra-weak CL-emission is: Indirect or sensitized CL reactions: Since not all excited states of CL-reactions products are effective â€Å"emitters† in any case, thus the excited state energy can be transferred to an â€Å" effective â€Å" flourophore added to the system, in –order to increase the CL-intensity substantially . The most salient asset of chemical excitation is the low background noise involved, which results in very low detection limits (in the sub femtomole of region) [34,35]. Enhanced CL- reactions (ECL): describes the phenomenon which has been observed in a wide range of chemi and bioluminescence reactions. Enhancement of light emission from the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction at alkaline pH has been achieved by the addition of various organic compounds generally containing oxonium group. Enhancement of CL. Reaction led to intense light emission, prolonged light emission and low background[36]. Spontaneous light emission during reaction requires the presence of the following conditions[37]: The reaction must be highly exothermic (40-70 kcal/mole) in order that the CL-reaction occurred in the visible region (400 nm (violet) – 750nm (red). These exothermic conditions associated with redox reactions using Oxygen, Ozone andhydrogen peroxide or similar potential oxidants. The reaction pathway must be a favorable to channel the energy for the formation of an electronically excited state. Photon emission must be favorable deactivation process of the excited product in relation to other competitive non-radiative processes that may appear in low proportion. There are several ways for an electronically excited state species to lose its extra energy, either by reacting with another molecule, molecular dissociation, and collision with its surrounding molecules or luminescence. In the latter case it can react to liberate sufficient energy to produce photon of visible light, figure (1-3). Figure (1-3):-possible de-excitation pathways of excited molecule 1.2.2. Main Chemiluminescence-systems for analytical processes 1.2.2.1. Gas- phase chemiluminescence reactions. The development of Chemiluminescence Methods for determining components of a gas is largely originated from the need to determine atmospheric pollutants such as Ozone, Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur compounds[45, 46].The best known and most frequently used is the reaction of nitrogen oxide withOzone.CL-NOXanalyzers have been shown to respond to a number of nitrogenous pollutants besides NO and NO2. [40].Some analytical methods based on CL- reactions have been proposed for the determination of sulfur monoxide and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as Alkenes, alkynes and aromatics at high temperature,several of these are as follows[41-44]. NO+ O3NO2* + O2NO2 + hÃŽ ½(600-2800 nm)(1) (2) (3) Oxygen atoms also been applied as strong oxidants when reacted with a wide range of analyst, although not so frequently used. The reaction with nitric oxide produces a yellow- green CL-emission that has been used for measuring concentration of Oxygen atoms in kinetics experiments[45]. (4) Some CL. Reactions are based on the light emission produced in flame, rather than the cold CL-emission. Molecular emission cavity analysis (MECA) is a CL-technique in which molecular emission are generated within a cavity that is introduced into a hydrogen diffusion flame. This flame acts as the environments of radicals, atoms and molecules which promote the chemical reactions (i.e. high temperature of flame promote of chemical reactions that form key reaction intermediates and provide additional thermal excitation of the emitting species).The cavity acts as the environment for stabilizing the emitting species. MECA has been used for selective detection of compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorous, antimony, arsenic,.Tin and halogens [46-54]. 1.2.2.2. Liquid- phase chemiluminescence reactions There are some well – established CL-reagents that have been used for solution – phase CL-reactions, their attraction include high sensitivity, wide dynamic range and simplicity [55].The Chemiluminescence of luminal and the cyclic hydrazides of aromatic and heterocyclic acids is one of the classical and still studied in CL-reactions [56]. Although hydrazides in general are Chemiluminescent, onlyhydrazides related to luminol (5 – aminophthalyhydrazide) can be considered the most commonly used. The CL. of luminol was first described by Albrecht in 1928. This compound reacts with potent oxidizing agents in the presence of catalyst in alkaline medium to yield 3 – amino phthalate in an excited electronic state which returned to the ground state; with the production ofblue emission at 425 nm.The reaction is catalyzed by metal ions.Alternatively, it has been proposed that the metal ion forms a complex with the hydrazide which is then oxidized[57–59]. Lophin(2,4,5 – triphenylimidazole) is the most representative of the imidazole CL-precursors . A yellow CL-emission is produced at 525 nm. by oxidation of Luphin in aqueous alkaline mediums[60]. Lucigenine(10, 10 dimethyl – 9, 9 -biascridiniumnitrate) is one of the most efficient CL-substances which emit an intense green emission at 470 nm. When oxidized in an alkaline medium [61]. In relation to indirect CL., one of the more efficient non – biological system that are used is based on and so – called peroxy oxalate CL-reaction (PO – CL ) which involves the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of an aryl oxalate ester in the presence of a fluorophore .Bis–( 2,4,6 – trichloro phenyl )oxalate (TCPO) and bis – ( 2,4– dinitro phenyl ) oxalate (DNPO ) are commonly used oxalates. These compounds are insoluble in water which requires the use of organic solvents such as acetonitrilies ,dioxane and ethyl acetate [62]. Another CL-system frequently applied involves the use of Ru [bpy]3+2 which produces an orange emission at 610 nm.From the excited state (Ru [bpy]3+2)* that can be obtained by different reactions which imply electron transfer and regeneration of Ru[bpy ]3+2 species. Recently , the higher CL-emission generated by a similar complex , Ru[phen]3+2(phen = 1,10 – phenanthroline) during oxidation ofRu [bpy ]3+2 by Ce(IV) in sulfuric acid medium Ru [bpy]3+2 is the most studied as an inorganic compound used in electro generated CL (ECL)[60,63]. 1.2.2.3.Solid Phase Chemiluminescence [35]. Some polymers exhibit weak CL. in the visible range when heated up in the presence of inert gas (air or oxygen). For the first time this phenomenon was observed by Ashby in 1961, from polypropylene. Emission of light during oxidation of polymers is called oxy- luminescence or oxychemiluminescence. And for CL. of polymers to be observed, oxygen must be present in the process. 1.2.3.Electro Generated Chemiluminescence (ECL) ECL : is the process in accordance with which , species generated at electrodes undergo high – energy electron – transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light , it occurs in the visible region of spectrum as a consequence of fast and highly exo-energetic electron . Transfer between a strong electron donor and electronacceptor which in turn results in generation of excited states [7].In general, electrically generated reactants diffuse from one or more electrodes, and undergo high – energy electron transfer reactions either with one other or with chemicals in solution. This process yields excited state molecules, which produce a CL- emission in the vicinity of the electrode surface. Application of ECL have almost exclusively focused on the reaction of tris(2, 2 – bipyridire) ruthenium Ru[bpy]3+2 the reaction takes place at room temperature . Wide pH range and in the presence of oxygen and many other impurities[64].Ru [bpy]3+2 itself can undergo electron transfer reactions to produce ECL as follows [65]. Luminol can undergo an ECL reaction due to its versatility in analytical determinations. in alkaline solution luminol anion undergoes a single electron electro-oxidation to form diazaquinine , which is further oxidized by peroxide or super oxide to give 3 – amino phthalate in an excited state , which emits light at 425 nm . Luminol ECL has been used for determination of species such as phenyl alanine, ibuprofen and hisidine [9]. 1.3. Fluorescence Photoluminescence becomes visible as optical radiation accompanied by the emission of photon depending on the duration of the phenomenon, i.e. life time of the excited state. Fluorescence is the spontaneous emission of light during transition of the system from its lowest vibrational energy level of an excited singlet state S1 back to the ground state S0,thus it’s a spin allowed process. Absorption and fluorescence don’t require any spin reorientation however; intersystem crossing and phosphorescence require a spin reorientation therefore; absorbance and fluorescence are much faster than phosphorescence. The processes that occur between the absorption and emission of light are usually illustrated by Jobalonski diagram [66, 67]; figure (1-4). Figure (1-4):- Perrin- Jobalonski diagram and illustration of the relative positions of absorption (Abs), fluorescence (F), andphosphorescence (Ph.) Fluorescence is the result of three stages process that occurs in certain molecules called fluorophores [67]. Excitation: a photon is supplied by an external source and absorbed by the fluorophore creating an excited electronic singlet state S1. This stage distinguishes fluorescence from chemiluminescence, in which the excited state is populated by a chemical reaction. State life time:fluorescence life time is typically 1-10 Nano sec. during this time the fluorophore undergoes conformational changes and is also subjected to a multitude of possible interactions with its molecular environment such as collisional quenching and intersystem crossing. Fluorescence emission: when a photon of energy is emitted returning the fluorophore to the ground stat S0. Figure (1-5) shows these three stages. Figure (1-5):- three stages of fluorescence emission process 1.3.1. Characteristics of fluorescence emission [68-70] Emission spectra are typically independent of the excitation wave length due to the partial dissipation of excitation energy during the excited state life time, this known as Kasha’s rule. The emission intensity is proportional to the amplitude of the fluorescence excitation spectrum at the excitation wavelength; figure (1-6). Figure (1-6):- emission spectra are typically independent of the excitation wavelength Stokes shift: due to the energy dissipation during the excited state life time, the energy of this photon is lower and therefore; of longer wavelength than the excitation photon (i.e.fluorescence light is a red-shift). This difference in energy or wavelength is known as stokes shift.† The difference in wavelength between positions of the band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra of the same electronic transition; figure (1-7). Solvent effects and excited state reactions can also affect the magnitude of stokes shift. Figure (1-7):-stokes shift of band maxima E = hÃŽ ½ = hÃâ€"c / ÃŽ » (1) h = Planck constant = 6.63 Ãâ€" 10-34 J.sec-1 c = light velocity ÃŽ ½ = light frequency Sec-1 or Hz ÃŽ » = wave length nm. Absorption energy EAbs.= hÃâ€"c / ÃŽ »Abs. (2) Emission energy Eem.= hÃâ€"c / ÃŽ »em. (3) Since: EemAbs. (4)so: ÃŽ »em.>ÃŽ »Abs (5) ÃŽ »em.,ÃŽ »Abs: emission and absorption spectra peaks respectively. When absorption and/or the emission spectra of a flourophore possess two or more bands, stokes shift is equal to the difference that separates the two most intense bands of the two spectra, figure (1-8). Figure (1-8):-stokes shift in a flourophore possess two bands If thermal energy is added to an excited state or compound has many highly populated vibrational energy levels, emission at shorter wavelengths than those of absorption occurs, this is called an anti-stokes shift and its often observed in dilute gasses at high temperatures. A key feature of fluorescence is the molecule spends a measurable Amount of time in the singlet state. Fluorescence life time refers to the average time that the molecule stays in its excited state before emitting a photon for fluorescence; it’s typically in the range (1-10 nsec.). Fluorescence radiant power (F) is proportional to the absorbed radiant power. F = É ¸ (P0 – P) - (6) É ¸: Fluorescence efficiency. P0: incident power. P: transmitted power. The relationship between the absorbed radiant power and concentration can be obtained from beers law P/P0 = 10-A- (7) P = P0 Ãâ€" 10-Ɇºbc - (8)F = É ¸ P0 (1–10-Ɇºbc)- (9) Structural factors. Fluorescence is expected in molecules that are aromatic or multiple conjugated double bonds with a high degree of resonance stability, it’s also expected with poly cyclic aromatic

Essay examples --

Ability Grouping and Tracking in Schools Famous American author Mark Twain once said, â€Å"I have never let schooling interfere with my education† (The Quotations Page). School is sometimes a difficult place to learn. Teachers can’t be expected to give an individualized lesson to thirty students at once. This task increases in difficulty when not all of the students are behaving or when the students are at different levels of learning. Some schools, however, are attempting to make learning easier on both students and teachers. The methods of tracking and ability grouping are revolutionizing the way teachers teach and students learn. Tracking and ability grouping are two separate practices, but they share many similarities. Ability grouping is used most commonly in elementary schools, while tracking is used in high schools. Both practices involve grouping students by their abilities in schools. The main difference between the practices is tracking is between classes, while ability grouping is within individual classes. Tracking, in other words, is different for every subject. Ability grouping is grouping within an individual class (Loveless). The main arguments against tracking and ability grouping deal with the lower-level students. Critics argue that ability grouping can create a "self-fulfilling prophecy" for lower class and minority students, who tend to be placed in the lower-achieving classes or groups (Thompson). Also, some argue that the lower-level classes may not receive the same quality of instruction as higher-level classes, increasing the achievement gap (Sosnowski). To help shrink the achievement gap, teachers will often reshuffle groups when using the ability grouping method. Sometimes, teachers will give t... ...my entire high school career. Ability grouping and tracking are practices that could greatly benefit every school system and every individual student. Lower-level students would no longer feel pressured to learn at an uncomfortable pace. They would have the opportunity to receive additional instruction on concepts that they struggle with. Higher-level students would have opportunities to learn at an accelerated rate, and they would have a chance to explore concepts in much greater depth. These students wouldn't feel like they are constantly waiting for the other students to catch up with them. American journalist Sydney J. Harris said, "The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows" (Sydney J. Harris Quote). Tracking and ability grouping can help transform our generation of mirrors into windows that can change the world with our knowledge.

The Virgin Group

Sam Yates-Smith Student ID: 000292201 CASE STUDY 6 THE VIRGIN GROUP 1. The corporate rationale of the Virgin group is to re-ignite static industries, with fresh ideas and developments, thus offering the consumer differentiation. Diversification is an extremely important attribute of Virgins rationale. Their SBU’s improve Virgin’s scope and therefore its existing markets and products. Virgin uses the ideology of ‘the corporate parent’ to add structure and guidance to its various business units, which in turn adds value due to the effective, disciplined approach that the rationale provides. . There are certain strategic relationships between businesses within the Virgin portfolio, these lie in ‘economies of scope’. This term refers to the notion that the Virgin groups have synergy amongst its SBU’s, therefore utilizing free standing tangible and intangible resources in order to fully comprehend and fulfill a particular new environment or m arket. This adds value to a new market whilst ensuring resources are not wasted. An example within Virgin would be their research into the global oil market and the search for greener fuels for its airlines. 3. Virgin as a corporate parent adds value to its group via the collective ambition and ideology which is ascertained via the strength of the Virgin brand. One aspect of Virgins Corporate parenting is the ideology of ‘envisioning’. Virgin provides ‘strategic intent’ by laying certain ideologies for its SBU’s to follow. This provides discipline and strong methodologies for the units to adhere too. Another element of ‘value adding’ via Virgins parenthood can be explained using the BCG matrix. The Virgin group’s portfolio shows high market share and strong growth within their markets. These positive denotations enable management to visualize the potential of concurrent markets and ensure growth is fully realized. 4. ‘’The greatest threat that the Virgin brand may become associated with failure’’ (Johnson et al, 2009). This signifies one of the issues facing the Virgin group. The larger the Virgin portfolio gets, the more issues they will face regarding the density of their diversification and therefore ensuring consumers are not undermined and loyalty is retained. Another issue is that of waning portfolio and growth which is susceptible to ‘slowing down’. Recognition of ‘Stars’ (BCG) turning into ‘Dogs’ is extremely important to ensure the correct visualization is atoned for and that growth is relative to the portfolio’s strength as a whole and not allowed to become complacent, leading to surplus resources and market share. 1

Problems and Prospects of Bangladeshi Tourism Essay Example

Problems and Prospects of Bangladeshi Tourism Essay Example Problems and Prospects of Bangladeshi Tourism Essay Problems and Prospects of Bangladeshi Tourism Essay TITLE: Problems and prospects of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh. INTRODUCTION Tourism has become a very important and dynamic sector both in the world economy and particularly in Bangladesh. Its growth affects not only the activities directly linked to tourism but also other sectors. Tourism is already an important sector in some developing countries and will become so for others. Developing countries like ours have been fast growing in tourism industry terms in the world over the last Decade. Bangladesh is a developing country in Asia, holding high potentiality for tourism. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) plays an important role for the development of tourism. For a long time, Bangladesh has been an attractive destination for tourists. But at present, its position is not significant in terms of the international tourism market. The overall objective of this research will be to identify the issues and challenges in tourism marketing facing Bangladesh. We will identify the problems and prospects of Tourism industry in Bangladesh. PROBLEM FORMULATION Bangladesh has potentials to develop tourism as a growing industry. Developing countries have some common characteristics, such as extreme poverty and widespread conflict (including civil war and ethnic clashes), extensive political corruption, lack of political and social stability, human resource weakness (human assets index, nutrition, health, education and adult literacy), and economic vulnerability. Amongst these problems how can we bring out the best in the country is our issue. This research will focus on the problems and prospects of tourism in our country. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To identify the problems of our tourism industries. To define the government contribution in development of tourism sector. To know the private organizations’ contribution in development this tourism sector. To forecast the government contribution. To identify the future prospect of tourism industries of Bangladesh. To identify the current state of affairs regarding tourism industry in Bangladesh. To gather some knowledge about the tourism policy. To gather some knowledge tourism projects and spots of Bangladesh. To have some knowledge about the problems that are emerging in the tourism sector To know about the current problems as well as future problems that might take place in the tourism sector. To identify the variability of tourist attraction in Bangladesh. To identify potential strategies that can contribute to increasing the competitiveness of Bangladesh tourism. To ana lyse issues in tourism marketing in Bangladesh. To identify development trends in Bangladesh tourism.

Depression essays

Depression essays Depression describes feelings of sadness, emptiness, and grief which most people experience at some point in their lives. There are hundreds of treatments. The severity, type, and treatment are as different as each individual. Clinical depression is a form of mental illnesss which unlike normal sadness or grief, is of longer duration and significantly impairs the individual's ability to lead a normal life. Reactive depression occurs following a traumatic life event, such as job loss, divorce, or death of a loved one. The depression is more intence than would be reasonable for normal grief of unhappiness. Post natal depression is a serious disorder affecting about 10% of mothers after childbirth. Symtoms are more severe and last longer than in baby blues, bipolar disorder ( manic depression) involves periods of mania involving extreme happiness hyperactivity, rapid speech, a total lach of inhibition, and in more severe cases, delusions of grandeur. (Health Point Depression Pg. 1 ) Brain cells talk to each other by means of chemical messangers. When a person is exposed to too much stress, chemical communication in the brain begins to fail. When these messengers fail a person suffers from sleep disturbances, aches and pains, depression and anxiety. This condition is called overstress. Overstress runs rampant in certain families. Studies have shown that a persons' stress tolerance is determined by his inheritance. The levels of stress in our society will only increase. It is important for each of us to learn to deal with stress now. ( Health Education Stress , Depression, Anxiey, Drug use Pg. 2) Depression not otherwise specified some professionls portray this category as a garbage pail diagnostic category for depression. If someone is obviously depressed, but does not fit into any of the other categories, then this diagnosis is made. However, it is not a garbage pail, but provides a valuable way to cate...

Critically Assess The Difficulties Of Implementing Motivation Theories Essay

Critically Assess The Difficulties Of Implementing Motivation Theories In The Modern Workplace - Essay Example A consideration and approval of this is a precondition to effectual employee motivation in the workplace and consequently efficient leadership and management. My piece of writing on motivation theory and practice focus on different theories concerning human nature in common and motivation in particular. Fairly distant from the advantage and ethical worth of a selfless approach to treating colleagues as human beings and valuing human self-respect in all its types, study and observation prove that well motivated workers are more creative and prolific. A lot of psychologists over the years have made efforts to describe and categorise what motivates people. This became chiefly significant after the Second World War as the Western nations attempted to reconstruct their shattered industrial economies, and all through the '50s and '60s much was investigated and written regarding Human Relations. It was recognised that people who labored in organizations were more than just numbers and, if correctly handled, might not merely generate more, but also add extra. Frederick Herzberg searched and practiced clinical psychology in Pittsburgh, where he researched the work-related motivations of thousands of workers.He determined that there were two types of motivation: Hygiene Factors: that can de-motivate if they are not present - such as supervision, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, and salary. Hygiene Factors influence the level of dissatisfaction, but are seldom referred as originators of job satisfaction (Herzberg, 2003, Pg 87-88). Motivation Factors: that will motivate if they are present - such as achievement, advancement, recognition and responsibility. Dissatisfaction isn't usually responsible on Motivation Factors, but they are quoted as the basis of job satisfaction. (Motivation Theories, Online, PG 1) Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs Abraham Maslow was an American behavioural psychologist who worked both in academia and industry. He issued a number of Human Relations books until the early '70's, but it was his first book, "Motivation and Personality", published in 1943, that put out his thought of the hierarchy of human wants. The Hierarchy Of Needs Maslow disagreed that the factors that compel or motivate people to perform lie on an ascending scale. Once a group or order of needs is satisfied, the individual will not be motivated by more of the same, but will search to satisfy top order needs. What's more, a higher order need will not be a motivator if lower order needs stay unmet (Pintrich & Schunk, 2001, Pg 24-25). Maslow classified five orders of needs, listed in ascending significance: Physiological According to this order of need, the fundamental endurance necessities of affection, protection and food Security should be motivated. These comprise the requirements we have for oxygen, water, protein, salt, carbohydrates, calcium, and additional minerals and vitamins. They in additionally comprise the need to uphold a pH

Screening the Project with R-W-W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Screening the Project with R-W-W - Essay Example This satisfied our curiosity on whether people actually need the service. We will be mostly focusing on UBC campus area where our market ranges from students to faculty members to visitors. The market for Cargo exist and is pretty wide, Umbrella2go won’t focus on a specific segment, but rather all who use an umbrella during the day (Statista 2015). Demand for umbrella is highest in a rainy season. However, the umbrella is becoming an all-whether necessity with changing lifestyle and fashion needs. University students are reported to take Umbrellas in a big way (Scaria 2015). There is a market for about 96 lakh pieces of umbrella that is not adequately met (Krishnakumar 2015). U2Go will mostly be competing with all umbrella sellers on campus, which range from the UBC bookstore, Sear shop, Shoppers, University Pharmacy, London Drugs shop, and the Umbrella Shop at Granville Island. However, as this service is new, there will not be any direct competition facing our organization, establishing a monopoly advantage. Those shops are located in fixed places and have single outlets. Our salespeople will be quite mobile and distributed in major streets where students are likely to pass through especially in the rainy or weather. Therefore, we will reach out to our customer and they will not look for us like the other shops (Vancouver Umbrella). The business will open 6.00 am in the morning and close 7.00 pm to cater for hours that students get in and leave school. However, the business will open overtime in rainy seasons when it is expected sales will be high when our competitors have closed. The price of an umbrella depends on the quality and durability. We are determined to provide all varieties to meet our customer’s interests. The average cost of an umbrella in Vancouver and particularly around UBC campus is $ 10-50.  

Math problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Data Validation and Verification Essay Example for Free

Data Validation and Verification Essay Computers can produce inaccurate results only if the data inputted is incorrect. If an input is scanned in by a computer this reduces the risk of errors. In my system it is important that all the data is accurate as well as correct. There are two main ways of achieving this. These are Verification and Validation. Verification allows me to ensure that the data entered into my system is correct. This is important since when a new patient comes to join I will need to collect the correct information. As for validation, this will be useful so you can set various checks and limit the mistakes in the data. Verification By verifying what the computer comes up with you can reduce errors, like if you are at a catalogue shop and you tell the person behind the till a number and it comes up with an item. This item is then checked with the customer to check that it is the right item. The item is then sent down from their storage floor and is again verified that it is indeed the correct item. This constant verification greatly reduces errors I will need to use verification in two scenarios. These are booking an appointment in either person or on phone and when a new patient joins. I will deal with these two situations separately, firstly with booking appointments. In booking an appointment either on the phone or in person I will need to collect the following information. * Patient Number * Patient Name and Surname * D.O.B * Time and date of appointment I asking for the patients number will verify the above. When I have collected this I would have to ask a number of questions, such as the patients address or D.O.B to verify that this is the right person and no one is trying to make a hoax. Once I have got all his or hers details and allocated them a GP, I will check the data over again to confirm that its all correct. This will all be inserted directly into the system. When a patient calls over the phone I will use the same method of asking their Patient Number than asking a question such as their D.O.B to see if its the right person. Again once I have enough information to confirm that this isnt a hoax I will allocate them a GP, and check the data over again to confirm that it is correct. In this case the data would also be input directly into the system. When a new patient comes depending on how busy the surgery will depend what data entry method I would use. If it were busy then I would issue the person a paper-based copy of the Patients form for them to fill out. Once they had finished it I would ask them to check over it to confirm that all the information is correct. If the surgery wasnt busy then I would instead ask them the question in the intend that they can answer the questions for me to put the answers directly in the online system. Once all the questions had been asked I would then go over the answers once more to confirm everything is correct. This is how verification will be used in my system. Validation Validation is the process of detecting any data that is inaccurate, incomplete or unreasonable. A computer programme performs validation. Validation programmes will perform some or all of the following checks Character type checks Character checks to make sure that the right type of characters have been entered such as characters where there should be characters and numbers where there should be numbers Range checks That a value entered is in the right range e.g. 18 is not a valid age for a pension Hash Totals This will check that the values on something like an invoice have been keyed in correctly the hash total has no real meaning as a number Control total A control total is like a hash total except the total has a meaning like the cost of something Check digits When a number is directly inputted to a computer there will be errors and check digits are a way around this we call barcodes International Standard Book Number or ISBN Spelling checkers Any software with words in it should have a spell checking function Length checks Sometimes a certain item of information should always be a certain number of characters, then the length checker will alert you that the values are incorrect Types of Errors There are two main types of errors these are: Transcription errors Misreading or misunderstanding data causes these, this could be caused by bad handwriting or confusing handwriting for example where the letter s looks like the number 5. Transposition errors These errors occur where two digits or letters are swapped around as if you are working at high speed you dont always look at the screen so it is common to type ot instead of to or 5124 instead of 5214 about 70% of all errors are transposition errors. Within my system I have used Validation to hopefully enhance it and limit mistakes. 1. Here you can see that I have used validation to limit the number of characters that can be inputted into the surname. 2. Here I have used a data type filter so no numbers can be inserted in to the patients surname. This doesnt stop mistakes but will limit the mistakes within my system. 3. Here I have used an input mask this is so you automatically put a capital in the beginning of a surname. This rectifies the mistake of forgetting to put a capital at the start of a surname. Another, and more accurate method of validation within my system is the use of an input mask. I used a simple type of input mask in 3 above and here is another part in which I have used an input mask. Here you can see another example of an input mask in my system. This one is used for the Postcode. As you can see this input mask reduces mistakes by allowing the first two figures of the Postcode to be capital letters only and the next two numbers only. Then it has an automatic space. The next figure is a number with the remaining two being capital letters. This input mask is a good method of validation since it doesnt allow you to insert letters where numbers are required and vice-versa. It also automatically makes a space within your Postcode. The final method of Validation used in my system is the combo box. With this it only allows for a set number of answers. Of course this can only be used on a field that only has set answers such as sex or title. I have in fact used this on both of the prior mentioned. 1. Firstly I have set the type of control to Combo box. 2. In row source I have then chosen the values that you can select from. As you can see the only values selectable for the title table is Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms and Doctor. This has set up my combo box for use in both my patients form and table as you can see below. The above examples both show the combo box working successfully in my database. This actually limits the mistakes made since it is impossible to but Mr as MMR and Dr as SDFS. It allows is time saving and makes sure that the data isnt unreasonable and incomplete. As you can see the verification and validation methods used in my system enable me to have more accurate data, which is essential within a database of this importance. As the aim of this part of my system was, it allows me to ensure that the data input into my system is correct.

Analyzing The Moral Panic Of Media Media Essay

Analyzing The Moral Panic Of Media Media Essay Thompson(1998) describes 5 key elements in a moral panic. It is something or someone who is defined as a threat to values and interests; the threat is depicted in an easily recognisable form by the media, with use of aspects such as Exaggeration, distortion, prediction and symbolisation. This then causes a rapid build up of public concern. Newspaper coverage and news broadcasts are commonly known to exaggerate issues in society which then encourage the public to react timorous to the concerns. Lastly, moral panics are continuously used to result in; a response from the authorities or opinion-makers. Thus, this included changes made evident from law enforcement, the councils and general charity organisations. The final element is that panic recedes or results in social changes. There are many issues that are often subject to moral panics such as Youth Crime/Gun Crime, Binge Drinking, child abuse, sex and violent behaviour, drug abuse, paedophilia, the law and asylum seekers and immigration policy. A moral panic can be defined in several ways, one definition is a kind of short-hand for public hysteria, by definition irrational, and is almost always held to be indicative of someone elses behaviour rather than our own (Critcher, 2003). The media directs its judgments and perspectives at members of society that are classed as unacceptable or deviant. In his book Moral Panics and the Media, Chas Critcher explains that Moral panics involve a  ¿Ã‚ ½heightened level of concern over the behaviour of a certain group or category and the consequences that the behaviour presumably cause for the rest of society(Critcher,2003,pg 23). A moral panic must be manifested in concrete ways in other words there must be a public commentary in the form of media; such as newspaper coverage and news broadcasts. In relation to Thompsons description the media then proposes legislation and social movement activity. The media is acting as a voice for the public; some may argue that it offers biased/distorted views of issues which therefore cause a moral panic. Conversely, it can also be argued that the media plays a crucial role in establishing a moral panic as a way of creating awareness to the public; thus without media involvement this is not possible. A key subject that is continuously making heavy appearances in tabloid newspapers and news broadcasts daily; is Gun/Knife crime which is commonly affiliated with youth culture/youth gangs. To understand how Thompsons, Critchers and other theorists concept of moral panic works, analysis of media coverage is critical. The media has developed and distorted representations of British youth for a long time, and certain coverage in British cinema, documentaries, press coverage and broadcasting have made it evident that the representation of  ¿Ã‚ ½youth ¿Ã‚ ½ is seen as a threat to many. However the coverage differentiates from different forms of media. The coverage of moral panics in broadcasting differs to press; television news broadcasts, are described as unbiased and therefore have a minor affect on moral panics as the impact might have not been on such a large scale. However in major moral panics they tend to have the same large amount of coverage on daily. British Youth are constantly being associated with factors such as drug abuse, low achievers, under age drinking, ASBO ¿Ã‚ ½s , violence; leading to such headlines as  ¿Ã‚ ½Britain a nation of yobs ¿Ã‚ ½. The term  ¿Ã‚ ½yob ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½thug ¿Ã‚ ½ is commonly used in numerous press cuttings specifically from tabloid newspapers such as ¿Ã‚ ½The Sun ¿Ã‚ ½ and the  ¿Ã‚ ½Daily mail ¿Ã‚ ½. It can be argued that the depiction of a sterotypicaly  ¿Ã‚ ½thug ¿Ã‚ ½ is being used as the  ¿Ã‚ ½Folk Devil ¿Ã‚ ½. Moreover the use of these metaphors are adding to the sensation of the moral panic  ¿Ã‚ ½Yobs must get tough sentences not a slap on the wrist ¿Ã‚ ½,  ¿Ã‚ ½Another stab victim dies, yet yobs with blades could escape with fine ¿Ã‚ ½,  ¿Ã‚ ½Thug stabs student to death ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½Blade Britian ¿Ã‚ ½. The headlines are poignant and direct, ¿Ã‚ ½1 day. 5 dead ¿Ã‚ ½, this encourages the readers to be aware but also an element of paranoia can be injected provoking public distress, causing a stir in society. There is use of emotive language such as  ¿Ã‚ ½His mother has run out of tears ¿Ã‚ ½ and use of alliterations in  ¿Ã‚ ½Kids killing kids, families in fear, its time to say, No More ¿Ã‚ ½, these are examples of rhetoric which newspapers use to persuade its readers in supporting their views. An example the initial making of a moral panic is a headline used in the Daily Mail;  ¿Ã‚ ½Random attack by thugs every 30 seconds ¿Ã‚ ½. This can be described as heavily exaggerated which provokes public reaction and emotion. On the other hand, youth crime is rapidly increasing, in society.  ¿Ã‚ ½The amplification which takes place through the medias work serves to appeal to the public so that they concur with ready-made opinions about the course of action to be taken. Combined with the opinions of the experts who are wheeled out to give their diagnosis, they reach an agreement about how to cope with the situation in hand, and the problem either disappears or at least deteriorates. ¿Ã‚ ½(Burns:2000). In reference to Youth crime; various  ¿Ã‚ ½anti-gun/knife crime ¿Ã‚ ½ campaigns have been made and according to an article in 2008 from the  ¿Ã‚ ½Sunday Mirror ¿Ã‚ ½ the home secretary Jacqui smith states that  ¿Ã‚ ½thugs carrying knives will face four years in jail ¿Ã‚ ½. It can also be argued that moral panics can result in social change. In Conclusion, Sometimes  ¿Ã‚ ½panics ¿Ã‚ ½ have existed in society for a considerable time but a particular event has triggered the significance; although generally they pass as quickly as they came and are long forgotten. The media ¿Ã‚ ½s involvement plays a crucial role in the establishment of moral panics, as it raises awareness of serious ongoing issues. However it can be argued that it promotes a bias nature which can ultimately prevent the public from the truth.  ¿Ã‚ ½Yobs must get tough sentences not a slap on the wrist ¿Ã‚ ½.(The Sun;2008). The media ¿Ã‚ ½s powerful role can be criticised for using moral panics to enforce the ideas and rules about the government. Moral panics will continue to dominate society and the media; provoking public concern and sometimes legislation but there will always be questions doubting whether it does reinforces public opinion and if it is a voice for the people or a propaganda tool for the rich and powerful.

The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition :: Communication Literature Essays

The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition Before the invention of written language that enabled the creation of book technology, the spoken word was the leading edge of communication. Spoken epic poetry such as the Iliad and Odyssey, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh was the content of the speech medium. These epics were created as spoken pieces, and because listeners lacked an alphabet to commodify them (separate them from their performance), the tales had to be heard and experienced first-hand. This group experience of the spoken epic involves what authors Hobart and Schiffman term commemoration: â€Å"In the world before writing, memory is the social act of remembering† (15). The way pre-literate media (speech) shaped culture includes this commemorative act. Pre-literate cultures had no other way of storing information and memory than to relive it. They could not write something down, forget about it, and then relearn the same information at a later date by reading it, because they lacked the technology of the written alphabet necessary to do so. Of course, they had the recollecting powers of the mind alone, but as today's stories, passed from one person to the next inevitably change, so did oral communications as human recollection failed in terms of an exact repetition of the original performance. Hence, each time listeners heard a spoken account of the Iliad, it changed a bit. In terms of an exceptional pre-literate performer of the Iliad or Odyssey, Rober t Fitzgerald goes as far as to say that "He inherited a traditional art comparable in range and refinement to the art of the musical virtuoso in our day, but more creative and fluid, for in some degree it remained an art of improvisation" (484). Mnemonic devices such as rhyme and meter aided memory and kept the story on track (Hobart & Schiffman, 24), and as McLuhan would agree, can be counted as technological advances prior to the invention of alphabet because they extend language technology. An analog to the spoken epic experience is the modern-day concert experience. Both are examples of live performance. For an example, the Rolling Stones' song "Sympathy for the Devil" is more like a spoken epic than a written account of an epic. This is because song and spoken epic utilize the same medium.

Art History Paper †“the Denial of St. Peter” Essay

I chose the artwork â€Å"The Denial of St. Peter† attributed to Master Jacomo in the early mid-17th century made using either French or Italian style which consisted of oil on canvas. The physical condition of the painting looks good for how old it is and it looks clean. The painting represents a scene of a Roman guard interrogating St. Peter and a servant girl. St. Peter denies the fact that he is a follower of Jesus to the Roman soldier as the woman looks on. When I first saw the painting my eyes focused on the left side of the painting: then the followed the rest of it while noticing a dark and suspenseful scene that focused on the actions of many beings. The male and female on the right seem to on walk or stroll while the two males on the right are more on like a night shift or patrol. The people in the light are tenser and tight guarded while the two figures in the half dark are more open and smug with their facial features. The people in the light seem to be almost trying to hide something but it seems that the guard has some sort of idea what their hiding with the expression he has on his face. The guard might have a smug look but he has his right hand clenched meaning that not only is he cocky he is also a bit angry. The woman seems to be trying to hide the older male from the guard by putting his shroud over his face. The woman is also looking to her right which could give reference that she is lying because when people look to their right it says that they are using their right side of their brain which is where their creativity is. It seems that she is trying to lie in order to hide his identity. The old male however seems to trying to reassuring the guard to clear them of any suspicion that he may have of them. He is looking straight at him without doubt of fear in his eyes. The male that is in the back is trying to get a look at the old male and female while blocking most of the light from his ey es with his right hand. The most interesting part is the lit candle that the man is holding in his left hand as it is the only source of light in this painting. The guard is holding the other man by the wrist as he tries to steady the light. The funny thing is the light plays more of a role here than its purpose. The effect that is being used right now is the Chiaroscuro effect which is the strong contrast between light and dark. In this painting there is a strong contrast of light and dark. St. Peter and the woman faces and hands are in the light while their lower bodies are in darkness. For the guard if face and hand are the only parts in the light while the other male holding the candle only has half his face in the light. Also the light plays another part as showing who knows, who doesn’t, and who believes. In this painting the woman is in full light with the exception of some of her left side of the head this could refer that she knows of the old man’s identity. For the guard we can only see half his face in the light which could refer that he had some idea of who the old man is but he is still is not totally sure which could explain his smug expression of thinking he has St. Peter. The old man is in total light which is justified because he knows who he is so of course he would be know the truth. Now the man in the back his face would be in total light if his hand wasn’t covering his face which could mean he might know who the old man is but is trying to hide the truth from himself which is weird because he is the one holding the candle to begin with. Now the colors used in this painting are mostly dark colors. The scenery color does not vary. There is more focus on the middle detail and color on the middle portion of the painting rather than on the sides of the painting. The only color that really stands out is the red that the woman is wearing which draws attention to her. It could also mean anger showing that she could be angry that they were found. St. Peter is dressed in black with a brown shroud over his body and head. The black almost hides him in the dark with the brown as a cover if the light wasn’t on him. The black represent his inconspicuous while the brown shows his stability and connectivity with the earth. The guard is dressed in grey armor as he almost hiding himself in darkness also ready to come out whenever needed. It almost gives an ominous and depressing feeling when seeing that grey in the darkness. It could show that by meeting this guard they are facing exposure and loss. The light of the candle is again a bright color that illuminates everything in its path. It symbolizes the light of truth showing who knows what truth is and who does not. Other than those colors, darkness fills the rest of the painting obviously showing that this is a night scene. This painting showed a lot of effects that takes a while to see when looking at this painting. It was a great painting that I had a good sense of style and it had good hidden symbols in the painting. The artist really showed the Chiaroscuro effect and played the light well. Think the artist not only wanted to show â€Å"The Denial of St. Peter† but he also wanted to show how the light and truth have ties with each other. It probably the artist way of saying the light will always guide you to the truth.

Why we should go to war with Iraq!

Why we should go to war with Iraq! To those who believe President Bush is a warmonger, singling-out North Korea and Iraq for his own self-serving political agenda; to those who believe that we should "give peace a chance"; I have but one thing to say: "WAKE UP!"What did you expect the United States to do after the twin towers and Pentagon were attacked? Write up a treaty for the Taliban? Beg bin Laden for mercy? The fact is that terrorists and the countries that support them, will not abide by political documents.When al-Qaeda murdered our citizens with no remorse, it was a reminder that diplomacy only works for countries... countries that are willing to change.Terrorists have no regard for our lives (or theirs). If you think that our government doesn't consider the ramifications of the use of force, you don't realize what we're truly fighting for. It's freedom, not oil.Listen for a second.English: Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden fo...What do you hear? Explosions? No. When was the last time your city was bombed ? When was the last time that you had to fear for your life? The U.S. projects its political power through force to protect you here at home, so your life isn't full of tragedy.Fighting fire with fire suppressing killing with more killing may seem immoral, but those who have compromised our lives obviously are not moral beings. Besides, what's immoral about protecting ourselves?To say that war does no good is to negate the very reason that thousands have died in the past. Those who fought for this country's freedoms had so much faith in this nation; they put you and your family and the future of America before their own lives.You may think that the solution is simple, that we can keep peace by being a global recluse. But...

Group Forming †Psychology Final Group Research Paper

Group Forming – Psychology Final Group Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Group Forming Psychology Final Group Research Paper Group is two or more interdependent individuals who influence one another through social interaction. (Donelson R. Forsyth, pg.2) Group therapy is setting in a group of people support each other in making changes in their lives. Some common concerns are discomfort in social settings, depression, relationship issues, loss, anxiety, or trauma. (The university of Maine-group therapy- see QA: Isn’t individual better than group therapy) The group size is usually depend on the age of clients, experiences of leader, type of group and problem to be explored. For a weekly ongoing adult group, the ideal group size would be eight participants and one counselor. For adolescent, the ideal group size would be six to eight people. For children participant in elementary school, the ideal size would be three to four people. The frequency of the group meeting is depending on the group. If the group taking place in a school setting, the meeting time would depend on the class period. For group of relatively well-functioning adults, weekly two hours group session would be good for them. In general, the high school groups and college groups typically run about fifteen weeks. Fifteen weeks should be longer enough for people to develop trust toward behavior change. The place to held meeting should be not clutter, and allow for comfortable seating arrangement. Groups usually seat in a circle because this setting could make all participants to see each other and also allow members have enough freedom of the physical movement. (Marianne Schneider Corey and Gerald Corey, 2005) For the in-class group, we have seven participants that include six students and one professor. We usually held our meeting in the classroom, and the meeting usually runs by half hour or less than one hour. During the group meeting, we always seat in a circle. Advantage, Disadvantage and Goal of Group Group provides some advantages which include support, belonging, awareness, confrontation, universality, catharsis, vicarious learning, group as a microcosm, feedback, and simulation of primary family. For example, the group of physical difficulties. The group counseling with people who have physical difficulties, the advantage would be following: 1. Group can help people strive toward the resolution of some common by providing them with the opportunity to learn from one another through sharing common concern and problem and generating solutions to obstacles and difficulties. 2. Group offer members a forum for the emotional release of burdensome personal issues in a supportive setting. Realizing that others face similar problems tends to lessen the anxiety and fear that accompany various disabling conditions. 3. The group experience can partially alleviate the stress, pain, and misery often generated by physician disability and further aggravated by social isolation, separation from family and friend, and perceived alienation from one’s own group. 4. The group experience eases the transition into the able-bodied community. Through modeling and various socialization and social building exercise, group members learn and practice how to better deal with outside community and its various imposed barriers. 5. Through the group modality, leader are able to develop a more accurate and comprehensive psychosocial assessment of group members. 6. Development of social support network is often facilitated through the relationship formed during group counseling. Issues such as empowerment, hopefulness, search for meaning, and gaining spirituality require a support network to be fully explored. A successful platform for their exploration can be provided within a group context. (Hanoch Livneh, Lisa M Wilson, Robert E Pullo, 2004) The disadvantage of the group would be following: It’s difficult to establish trust between all members in the group. It is harder to ensure confidentiality. There is higher risk of having causalities in group It is more difficult for the counselor to track all the participants. Each group has their own goal to move on. The goal would separate two parts which include group goals and individual goal. Following are the common goals to many different types of group. Become aware of one’s interpersonal style Increase awareness of what prevent intimacy Learn how to trust oneself and others Become aware of how one’s culture affect personal decision Increase self-awareness and thereby increase the possibilities for choice and action Challenge and explore certain early decisions (most like made during childhood that may no longer by functional Recognize that others have similar problems and feelings clarify values and decide whether and how to modify them Become both independent and interdependent Find better ways to resolve problem Become more open and honest with selected others Learn a balance between support and challenge Become sensitive to the needs and feelings of others Provide others with helpful feedback (Marianne Schneider Corey, and Gerald Corey,2005, pg. 146) A good group leader has to assist group member to define a personal goal. The ASGW guideline state that group leader has responsibility to assist members in develop their personal goal in a collaborative fashion. (Marianne Schneider Corey, and Gerald Corey, 2005, pg. 148) For example, Alcoholic Anonyms (AA) Group, the goal for AA would be stop drinking, stay sobriety. For people who went to AA, AA help abuser confront difficult issues and learn to cope with life stresses more effectively. AA provide very supportive network. In our group, the advantage would be there is no judging. The fact is there is no one has an experience to work with a counseling group. Therefore, all of us here is to learn how to work with a group, how to lead a group, being a leader what should we focus on, and what should we take care of. We are here to understand and help each other to live in better life. So, there is no right or wrong answer. The main goal is to learn how to be a success counselor in our future life. The disadvantage in our in-class group would be hard to lead the group. I felt when we running a group and a leader asked anyone wants to share; we would always quiet for a period. There is no one wants to start discussion. Why Group therapy better than Individual Therapy? Group therapy is typically half the cost of individual therapy and is therefore often a first resort for people who cannot afford private sessions or steep insurance copays. (Darby Saxbe, 2005) â€Å"Research has demonstrated that almost any concern that brings you in for counseling can be dealt with in group therapy as well or even better than it can in individual therapy.† (The university of Maine-group therapy- see QA: Isn’t individual better than group therapy) â€Å"Group therapy usually more efficient than individual for two reasons which are following: First, you can benefit from group even during session when you say little by listening carefully to others. You will find you have much in common with other group member, and as they work on a concern you can learn more about yourself. Second, group members will often bring up issues that strike a chord with you, but which you might not have been aware of or brought up yourself.† (Therapy groups at CAPS- se e QA: isn’t individual therapy better?) According to Philip G Erwin’s (1999) study, he found for people who participant in structure group counseling, they often rate more positively than individual counseling. A structure training program would help participants’ focus on current tasks and prevent excessive off-task behavior. The study also point out a structure group counseling may be useful for directing and focusing activity, experience are always interpreted and the full benefit of exercises will undoubtedly accrue to those who are most fully involved and committed. Rule for running a group The first rule for running a group would be Do No Harm. Second rule would be confidentiality. When we running our in-class group, group leaders always mention those two rules which would be â€Å"Do No Harm and whatever says here, stays here†. When I participant the AA meeting, they also mention the second rules all the time. â€Å"Everything says here, stays here† To provide a safety environment is extremely important in the group. The third rule for running a group would be respectful. Each group members have to respect one another includes sex, culture, and etc. Group Process Groups always run into four stages which include Initial Stage, Transition Stage, Working Stage, and Ending or Termination Stage. Initial Stage: ? Characteristics of initial stage: ? Participants test the atmosphere and get acquainted ? Risk taking is relatively low, and exploration in tentative ? Members are concerned with whether thy are include or exclude ? Trust and mistrust is a central issues ? Period of silence and awkwardness may occur ? Member are deciding how much they will disclosed and how safe the group is ? Common fear experienced by group members: o Anxiety over being accepted or rejected o Concern about the judgment of others o Afraid of appearing stupid o Concerns about not fitting into the group o Not knowing what is expected o Concern over communication feelings and thoughts effectively ? Advantage of developing here and now focus ? Dealing with the here and now energizes the group ? Members are best know by disclosing here and now experience ? Being in the here and now serves as a spring borad for exploring everyday life ? Leader attitude and behavior that generate test ? Careful attending the genuine listening empathy ? Empathy ? Genuineness and self-disclosure ? Respect ? Caring confrontation ? Group leader issues at the initial stage ? Division of responsibility- how to achieve a balance of sharing responsibility with members ? Degree of structuring- creating a structure that will enable members to make maximum use a group process ? Opening group session- how to best open group and help member gain a focus ? Closing group session0 how to best bring a session to closure without closing down further work later on? ? Rounds: We will address next week. (Walter,2005) I remembered the first experience when I walking to the class, I felt nervous, anxious. The first night, we had ice break activity. The purpose of the activity is to make all of us to know more about each other. When we started to run the group, I felt a little bit uncomfortable, because I am going to share the stuff with people that I am not familiar with, that really feel not so good because I don’t know I can trust them or not. Sep. 14 is the first of our in-class group meeting, we were talking about self-image. I shared my experience regarding language barriers that would make me frustrated. Jan and Terry also shared their experience regarding people misunderstand them would make them frustrated. Jan shared her experience regarding when she is not angry and people keep asking her are you angry? That would make her frustrated and then, really angry at the end. At the begging, I felt it would be really hard to start to talk about. But, after I started, I felt it is not hard, especially, I felt all of you were respect me, and really pay attention regarding what I said in the group. All of the members support me to share my experience that was really positive to me. I felt people wanted to listen to me; they cared about what I said. None of you cut off when I was speaking. It made me felt safe and support of the environment. A counselor to provide a safety environment is very important in this stage because most of the member would felt uncomfortable at the beginning. To provide a safety environment would keep members to stay in the group. We should give newcomer a positive experience of their first meeting. If we provide a negative experience to our clients, they would never come back. Transition Stage ? Characteristic of the transition stage ? Transitional phase is marked by feeling of anxiety and defenses ? Member are ? Testing the leader and other members to determine how safe the environment is ? Struggling between wanting to ply it safe and wanting to risk getting involved ? Observing the leader to determine if he or she is trustworthy ? Learning how to express themselves so that others will listen ? Thought on dealing with resistance therapeutically ? Don’t label all hesitations as a sign of resistance ? Respect resistance- realize that member resistance may be serving a function ? Invite members to explore the meaning of what appears to be resistance ? Describe behavior of members-avoid making too many interpretations ? Approach resistance with interest, understanding, and compassion ? Common fears at the transition stage ? Fear of making a fool of oneself ? Fear of emptiness ? Fear of lose control ? Fear of being too emotional ? Fear of self-disclosure ? Fear of taking too much o group time ? Fear of being judged ? Leader function during the Transition group ? Show member the value of recognizing and dealing fully with conflict situations ? Help members to recognized their own pattern of defensiveness ? Teach members to respect resistance and to work constructively with the many forms it tasks ? Provide a model for members by dealing directly and tearfully with any challenge ? Encourage members to express reactions that pertain to here and now happening in the session Working Stage ? Key point in working stage ? There are no arbitrary dividing line between each stage of group ? Group development ebbs and flows- does not stay static ? Work can occur at every stage-not just the working stage ? Not all group reach a working stage ? Not all members are functioning at the same level in a working stage ? Group norm and behavior at the working stage ? Both support and challenge to take risk in group ? Leader use a variety of therapeutic interventions ? Members interact with each other in more direct way ? Healing capacity develops within the group ? Increased group cohesion fosters action-oriented behaviors ? Characteristic of a productive group ? Conflict in the group is recognized and explored ? Members are willing to make themselves known ? Trust are safety are increased ? There is a focus on the here and now ? Goals of members are clear and specific ? Cohesion is high-a sense of emotional bonding in the group ? Characteristic of nonworking group ? Mistrust is manifested by an undercurrent of unexpressed feelings ? Participants focus more on others than themselves ? Participants hold back- disclosure is minimal ? Members may feel distant from one another ? Conflicts are ignored or avoided ? Communicational is unclear and indirect The film- Twelve Angry Men is a good movie to present this stage. In the movie, twelve juries are working on the same goal. The goal is clear and specific for them; the goal is to decide the boy is guilty or not. According the movie, we can see the members interact with each other more directed way. They have conflict during the process. For example, character number 3 had been fight with character number 8. They are focus here and now during the process, such as, they focus on every question they had been raised, and try to solve the problem together. Like the glass mark on the nose. In the film, both support and challenge take risk in the group. During the group process, character number 8 had been raise a big issues for other juries, and then, he encourage others to share their idea, also encourage them to find out more evidence to prove the boy might probably not guilty. Nov 16th, I believe Chris play an amazing job on working stage. During the group session, he asked couple of questions that make all of us to think about the film again. He provide the positive feedback during the group session, for example, when Terry point out the Character number 8 were like angry in the film because he is the only one who wear White. Chris gave the positive feedback to Terry, such as, â€Å"yes, you are right, when think about the film again, when he was stand in front of the window, he is the only one who were white, others were blacks.† Then, Chris made other question that made us interesting about the topic. For example, he raised the problem like, â€Å"Let’s talks about other characters in the film, and is there are anyone thinks they would change? And what they get from the group?† And, that really make all of us to discuss the character regarding what their got from the group, and what kind of issue they might changed, and how could I see the point of that person. During the group session, he listened to us, he brings issues that make all of us to find the comment, he also encouraged us to talk about their experience and he give a positive feedback. Termination Stage ? Tasks of the final stage of group ? Dealing with feeling of separation and unfinished business ? Review the group experience ? Preview the group experience ? Practice for behavior change ? Giving and receiving feedback ? Ways of carrying learning further ? The use of contract and homework ? Leader functions during the ending phase of group ? Assist members in dealing with any feeling they might have about termination ? Reinforce changes that members have made during the group ? Work with members to develop specific contracts and homework assignment ? Provide opportunities for members to give one another constructive feedback ? Reemphasize the importance of maintaining confidentiality after group is over ? Leader function after termination of group ? Offer private consultations if any member should need this service ? Provide for a follow-up group session or follow-up individual interviews ? Identify referral sources for members who may need further assistance ? Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the group ? Giving and receive feedback at the ending stage The sentence completion method can enhance the quality of feedback can result in focus feedback, such as following: ? My greatest fear for you is†¦ ? My hope for you is.. ? I see you blocking your strengths by†¦ ? Some things I hope you will think about doing for yourself are†¦ ? Applying what is learned in group to everyday life Members can reminded of way to translate what was learned in group and assisted in developing action plans geared to change, such as following: ? A group is a means to an end ? Change is bound to be slow and subtle ? Focus more on changing yourself than on changing others ? Decide what you will do with what you learned about yourself (Walter, 2005, lecture six) According to our in-class group experience, we did not run into this stage. But, according to Corey’s videotape, he did present this stage very well. In this stage, it is very important for group members to bring the power from the group to outside. Being a good counselor, we have to challenge client to make contract, have homework, make them realize the unfinished business, and etc. For client, it’s all about what you learning, how did you lean, and what do you think you taking away from the group. Those are the issues present in Termination stage. If I am a group leader who is going to run Termination stage, I will give homework to all of my group members on the session before the last meeting. The homework is to review your experience about the group. You can put your thinking, what did you learn from the group, the group experience which would be significant for you and etc. On the last day of the course, I want my group members to share what they wrote in the group. And, I would also want them to make a contract to the group regarding unfinished business. I want my groups walk out the door; and still remember the experience they got from the group. The experience would help them and encourage them keep working in their life. What would influence the group development? George Smith (2001) mention there are three factors that McCollom (1999) point out would affect the group development. The factors are (1) group’s relationship with its environment, (2) internal group relations, and (3) the group’s temporal boundaries. The group’s environment would influence the group relationship. Such as, the large organization can affect group process in terms of authority relations and in the defining of group tasks. Internal relations would also affect on group development. That included the composition and site of the group and skills and personalities of group members. The study shows the leadership dynamic and subgroup relations within the group are potential forces that could affect group development. The group’s temporal boundaries are also another element affect group development. McCollom notes groups are like other living system therefore, their lives are finite. Another important time-related factor is what McCollom refers to as â€Å"temporal context.† â€Å"Temporal context reers to things such as seasonal cycles or historal evenbts, presumably past, present and future, and could affect how a group operated, develops, and perhaps even changes over time.† Role in group There are three different roles which include leadership, observer and participant would be presenting in the group. ? Leadership- â€Å"Leadership is influence, operating, and improving. Influence client by providing purpose, direction, and motivation. Operating is an action taken to achieve the sort term goals of accomplishing the overall goals. Group leader would operating planning preparing, executing, and assessing. Improving is group leader strive to improve everything entrusting to them. Group leader would improve on people, training opportunities, and resource for clients. There are five different leader styles which are following: 1. Directing leader style- ? Leader Centered ? Don’t solicit input form clients ? Give detailed instructions ? Supervise execution very colsely 2. Participating leader style- ? Center pm the leader and the group ? Leader ask clients for input, information and recommendations ? Make final decision themselves 3. Delegating leader style- ? Giving clients the authority to solve problems and make decision without clearing them thought the leader. 4. Transformational- Transform clients by challenging them to rise above their immediate needs and self interest: ? Is developmental, emphasizes personal growth and organizational enhancement ? Empowering and mentally stimulating client (first as individuals then as a groups) ? Leader communicates intent then steps back and let clients work. The impact of transformation leadership on the group would be following ? Impact ? Recruiting-selection, promotion, and transfer ? Development ? Training ? Approach to training ? Leadership education ? Job design and assignment ? Organizational structure 5. Transactional- ? Motivating clients to work by offering reward or threatening punishment ? Prescribing tasks in writing ? Outlining all condictions of task completion ? Management by exception-focus on failures† ( Walter, 2005) Our in-class group is hard to assign a group leader each time. The first time experience to participant the group is a treasure for group leader, because the emotion, feeling that you had at that moment would guild you to understand a new comer’s emotion and feeling. ? Observer- Being an observer in the group, I have to know who is participant the group, the position of their role, to understand the whole process regarding what type of the issue bring to the group, the interaction between the members, and etc. Those are important to address. For our in-class group, I tried to put myself to be an observer every time. Being an observer I have to know who set where, and the interaction between the members. On Nov 16th, Chris was a leader to lead us to running to the group regarding the topic to discuss the film of twelve angry men. We were set in a circle, the turn would be Chris, Dr. Walter, Darrel, Terry, me, Daniel, and Jan, (left turn) The stage would be working stage. Chris asked couple of questions that make all of us to think about the film again. When Terry point out the Character number 8 were like angry in the film because he is the only one who wear White. Chris gave the positive feedback to Terry, such as, â€Å"yes, you are right, when think about the film again, when he was stand in front of the window, he is the only one who were white, others were blacks.† The question that Chris had raised, make us interesting on the topic. I do believe he create an amazing job on Work stage. He listened to us, he gave issues that make all of us to find the comment, and he also encouraged people to talk about their experience. For example, he raised the problem like, â€Å"Let’s talks about other characters in the film, is there are anyone think they would change? And what they get from the group?† that really make all of us to discuss the character regarding what their got from the group, and what kind of issue they might changed, and how could I see the point of that person.† To observer AA meeting, make me realize what is AA, how’s the group function, the interaction between the members. AA is self-funning group. People would attend AA because they want to stop drink. Stop drinking is their specific goal. In the group, I saw the connection between the members which was they all had drinking problem; therefore, thy found the common between them. During the group session, I saw safety, trusting, and confidentiality. They all focus on themselves, not other people, not the relationship with any one else. They just focus on themselves. They shared their life stories, they might cry in the group. The advantage for people to attend AA was there was no judge. For me, to attending AA is a great experience to combine with our group counseling course because I saw the group running exactly what I learned. I saw what is AA, the goal for AA, how could AA running, what would AA provide to people, and the interaction between the members. ? Participant- usual participant experience. Add the feeling, and what do I see in AA In our group session, I do have more chance to being a participant. I still remember the first experience to participant the group. I am anxious, nervous, and not comfortable to talk to people who I am not familiar with regarding my problem in my life. Attending our group meeting make me realize there are some connect between us. For example, when we discuss self-image, I found the common connection between all of the people in the classroom. The language barriers make me frustrated when people misunderstand. Sometimes the tone and the statement were all make me frustrated. Jen and Terry also talked about what people misunderstand them, which would make them frustrated, too. Jan shared her experience regarding when she is not angry, and people keep tell her or ask her regarding â€Å"you are angry†, that would make her frustrated and angry at the end. Our In-class running group, we had been discussing different topics that full in our life. The first time experience would be a trouser for me because the feeling I got at the moment would be the same feeling that newcomer might have. Multicultural â€Å"Self-disclosure is a central behavior in group counseling, which is fundamental to all therapeutic factors in group work. The behavior is particular sensitivity to cultural differences when comparing collectivist authoritarian societies with individualist, democratic ones.† (Zipora Shechtman, Aya Hiradin, and Samahar Zina, 2003) Counselors are ethnically responsible for developing skills to communicate effectively with clients from other cultures. Therefore, a white counselor should be striving to obtain both actual experience and information about specific Black cultural group and their worldviews. The counselor should take time to find out from the client about those aspects of his or her culture that are particularly significant to the counseling relationship. Counselors also need to acquaint themselves with how their cross-cultural clients refer to themselves and their own communities. A professional counselor should create a positive regard, and empathy, has the potential to span cultural boundaries. (Jurdora J. Spangenerg, 2003) There is a real study of a support group for Asian international students by Loetta L. Carr, Miki Koyama, and Monica Thiagarajan (2003) They point out to assist cross culture groups especially international students, counseling has to know the culture values, beliefs, and etc. For Asian students, they think to see counseling as shameful and embarrassing because a cultural stigma is often attached to emotional expression in their societies. A professional counselor has to build up support, safe environment when he/ she work with multicultural group. In this study, â€Å"the support group is seeing for socializing; practicing English; addressing academic, personal and social concern, and acculturation stresses; and receiving support from culturally sensitive counselor.† I am an international student in U.S.A., I could understand when people coming from different country their emotion, and thinking. My experience tells me to help those students to give support and a positive feedback and listen to them are the best way to encourage those students to move on. I still remembered the pain of prejudice, and non-respect. Therefore, those are good lesson for me when I face people who coming from different ethic group. Personal Growth The first day of the counseling session, I was nervous, anxious, little bit afraid, don’t know what should I talk to others. Until, I was kind families, understand, and comfortable to be with each one of the classmate. Who else do I see the growth for our in-class group? I did have chance to work with each participant in our class. And, I got deep impression of Jan. Jan had two experience to lead our in-class group. I personal felt she did the first one better than second one. But, the second one, she did pay attention on On Dec. 7th, is the first time, I had an experience to work with Jan. we have to practice training exercise number one which is a college student who have a problem regarding her school. She thinks she is not good enough in U of C. And, she is the first person to pursue a college education in her family. In this case, I was a student, and Jan was a counselor. When we role play this case, I felt she really concerned about my case. Her questions were right on target. For example, is there are any problem that makes you cannot concentrate on your reading? How about your time management? How many courses do you take this semester? She also did a good job regarding referral. Such as, she suggests me to find a tutor. I felt what she had been done on the role play; she did followed ADDRESSING, ADDIE, and BASIC ID. ADDRESSING- o A- age and generational influences o D-development o D-disabo;otoes o R-religious and spiritual orientation o E-ethnicity o S-socioeconomic status o S-sexual orientation o I-indigenous heritage o N-national origin o Gender ADDIE o A-Analysis o D-Design o D-Development o I-Implement o E-evaluate BASIC-ID o Behavior o Affect o Sensation o Imagery o Cognition o Interpersonal o Drug/biology (Walter, Lecture #10, 2005) What else do I learn from the class? On Nov. 30th is my first time to being a counselor. I volunteer to be a counselor with Dem’s case. Terry was a role of Dem. I took the chance to be a counselor because of two reasons; first, I never have chance of role play for the counselor. Second, I really want to see what I grew after taking many of the counseling courses. Third, I felt more comfortable to role play in front of you-Dr. Walter because since I have class with you, you always support me a lot. Being a success counselor, there are five different parts that we have to pay attention, which are Attending, paraphrasing and summarizing, Reflect the feeling, Getting Concrete, and Referral. (1) Attending includes- direct eye contact, body language/post out, focus, listen to client, smooth and clam. When student come to your office, a counselor should stand up and welcome the student. The office should be always open and welcome. (2) Paraphrasing and Summarizing- is to stop client rambling. Counselor should make a cl ear statement regarding what client told you. You may make clear statement about client’s feeling. 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